The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.; Andorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately 8 million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of its effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment, and engaged in other reforms, such as advancing tax initiatives aimed at supporting a broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the EU, Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the bloc that is governed by various customs and cooperation agreements and uses the euro as its national currency.;
Location
Southwestern Europe, Pyrenees mountains, on the border between France and Spain
Area Comparative
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Maritime Claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
Temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Natural Hazards
Avalanches
Environment Current Issues
Deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal
Environment International Agreements
Party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
Signed, but not ratified: None of the selected agreements
Geography Note
Landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees
