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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Continent: Europe

Geography

People &
Society

Government

Economy

Energy

Communications

Military &
Security

Transportation

Terrorism

Transnational Issues
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Background

Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a policing capacity.

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Area Comparative

Slightly smaller than West Virginia

Climate
No data available

Natural Hazards

37.5 cu km (2011)

Environment Current Issues

Destructive earthquakes

Environment International Agreements

party to: Air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

Geography Note

none of the selected agreements
Year

Map Reference

  • Europe

Irrigated Land

  • 78.38% (2011)

Area 2014

  • total
    51,197 sq km
  • land
    51,187 sq km
  • water
    10 sq km

Coastline

  • 20 km

Geographical Coordinates

  • 44 00 N, 18 00 E

Land use 2014

  • Arable Land
    coal,
  • Permanent Crops
    19.63%
  • Other
    1.99%

Terrain

  • Hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short
  • Cool summers and long
  • Severe winters; mild
  • Rainy winters along coast

Land Boundaries

  • km
  • Croatia km
  • Montenegro
    242 km
  • Serbia
    345 km

Natural Resources

  • Maglic 2
  • 386 m
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